The following article addressed the basics between investing in a 401(k) and a Roth IRA, and answers many commonly asked questions about these retirement savings options.
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One of the most common questions I get asked about retirement plans is whether or not a person should be putting their money into a 401(k) or a Roth IRA for retirement. The answer isn?t as straightforward as it might seem.
What Are The Options?
A 401(k) is a employer-sponsored deferred contribution retirement plan, so named because it?s defined under section 401(k) of the IRS code. In a nutshell, it works like this. You sign up for a 401(k) plan in your workplace and choose investment options within the plan. Your workplace takes money out of your paycheck before income taxes are taken out and deposits this in your plan. In some workplaces, your contributions are matched by the employer. Then, when you reach retirement age, you can take money out of the 401(k), but those withdrawals are subject to income tax - since you didn?t pay it earlier, you have to pay it later on. Currently, there is no upper income limit on who can contribute, but an individual can contribute at most $15,500 to his or her 401(k) in 2008 and the maximum amount that can be contributed total between employer and employee is $46,000 in 2008.
A Roth IRA is an independent individual retirement account that you set up directly with an investment firm; it?s name comes from its chief legislative sponsor, Senator William Roth. With a Roth IRA, you set up an account with an investment house yourself (mine is with Vanguard), choose investment options with them, and then directly deposit after-tax money (from your checking account, for example) into the Roth IRA. Then, after meeting a few basic requirements (you?re 59 1/2 years old or older and have had the plan for five years or more), you can withdraw both your deposits and gains completely tax free. In 2008, the maximum contribution you can make is $5,000 a year (unless you?re over 50). There is one big caveat: there are income limits on who can contribute - if you make more than $99,000 individually or $156,000 jointly, you can?t contribute the full amount (and may not be able to contribute at all).
What Are The Big Differences?
The big differences between the two are employer contributions, investment options/management, and taxes. Let?s look at each aspect.
Employer contributions
With a 401(k) retirement plan, an employer may match contributions made by an employee up to a certain percentage. For example, one 401(k) program I know of offers a 2:1 match for every dollar contributed to a 401(k) up to 5% of the salary. So, if you contribute 5% of your salary to your 401(k), the employer also puts in an extra 10% of your salary, effectively tripling your contribution. In short, if your employer offers matching contributions to your 401(k), that likely trumps any other concern and you should use a 401(k). It?s free money, after all - don?t turn it down.
Investment options/management
With a 401(k), you?re tied into whatever management and investment options are made available to you by the plan your company offers. That often means the investment choices are relatively weak. Things to look out for in your investment plans are expense ratios (if they?re high, that?s bad) and investment options (the more choices, the better). With a Roth IRA, you are allowed to choose your management and thus also your investment options - you pick the investing house you want to use. I chose Vanguard because the expenses they charge me are very low and they offer a huge number of index funds, my investment of choice. Roth IRAs offer an advantage in that they allow you to choose your plan?s manager, though if your 401(k) offers good options, this may not be a big advantage.
Taxes
This is really the sticky wicket out of the three because it involves some prediction of what the future holds for you. Here?s the deal: if you think your income tax rate will be higher at withdrawal time than it is now, a Roth IRA is a better choice and will save you money in the long run. If you think your income tax rate will be lower at withdrawal time than it is now, a 401(k) is a better choice and will save you money in the long run.
How can you know which rate will be higher? Here are a few things to ask yourself.
Will my income grow vastly between now and retirement? If the answer is yes, you?ll likely be in a higher tax bracket when you retire, which favors the Roth. If you?re near your peak, you?ll probably be in the same bracket or lower, which favors the 401(k).
Will I be working in my retirement years? If the answer is yes, you have a much higher chance of at least being in the same tax bracket you are now. If the answer is now, likely your income will be lower.
Will the political landscape shift towards higher tax rates? This one, honestly, is complete guesswork. If I had to guess, I would speculate that tax rates will go up in the future, and that favors the Roth IRA. If you think they?ll go down, that favors the 401(k).
Seem confusing, even overwhelming?
That?s because it is. It?s really hard to tell what will happen with the future and balancing different factors like that is hard. My personal opinion is that the Roth IRA has a slight edge in the tax department, but that?s mostly because I believe taxes are going to eventually go up.
So What Should I Do?
The first step, to me, is pretty easy. If your employer?s 401(k) plan has matching funds, always contribute up to the maximum amount that receives matching. This is free money, and enough of it that it trumps the other concerns. Get it while you can.
The question really revolves around what to do with additional retirement money. Given all the factors above, and also assuming you?re young and have many years of income growth ahead of you, I believe the best option is a Roth IRA - but they take a bit more work. You have to find your own investment plan with a Roth IRA and set it up yourself (it?s not that hard, but it does take a bit of time up front), but that gives you the freedom to find an investment house that matches your philosophy and saves you money (for me, that?s Vanguard).
If you?re older, near the peak of your income potential, and expect to have a smaller income in retirement, thenmore contributions to your 401(k) is probably your better choice.
No matter which path you decide to follow, simply by the act of putting money away you?re putting yourself ahead of the game. Don?t let this debate keep you from starting to save - if all else fails, simply start making contributions to one or the other now and then make up your mind later on - you can always change your contributions around later.
Paragon Wealth Management is a provider of managed portfolios for individuals and institutions.? Although the information included in this report has been obtained from sources Paragon believes to be reliable, we do not guarantee its accuracy.? All opinions and estimates included in this report constitute the judgment as of the dates indicated and are subject to change without notice.? This report is for informational purposes only and is not intended as an offer or solicitation with respect to the purchase or sale of any security.? Past performance is not a guarantee of future results.
Source: http://blog.paragonwealth.com/2012/08/13/investing-in-a-401k-or-roth-ira/
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